Background: Total knee arthroplasty is an accepted method for treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Measuring the distal femoral ROTATION is one of the most important problems in such operations. In the conventional 2D method, measuring the ANGLE is based on CT scan images but these methods usually contain errors. In this study, the three-dimensional measurement of the aforementioned ANGLE was investigated.Methods: In this research, using CT scans and 3D modeling, 3D lower extremity models of 40 patients were extracted. The ROTATION of distal femur was measured for plane perpendicular to the anatomical and the plane of mechanical axis of femur. Four axes were drawn on these planes using anatomical landmarks: posterior condylar line (PCL), anatomical and surgical transepicondylar line (ATEA+STEA), and the Whiteside line (WL).Results: The mean difference of these measurements on the plane perpendicular to the mechanical axis of the femur, between PCL and WL, STEA, ATEA was 3.41, -1.31, 5.53; and ANGLEs on the plane perpendicular to the anatomical axis of femur were -0.74, -1.26, and 5.67, respectively. In addition, Bland-Altman diagram was plotted between every two measurements and no relationship found, except for STEA and ATEA.Conclusions: The measurements between PCL, ATE, and STEA are not affected by the plane on which these measurements are carried out on, except for the 4 degrees difference present in WL axis. With a greater sample size and proper grouping, some relationship might be found between the aforementioned axes.

Because of special structure, a dual reflector antenna has beam ROTATION capability in azimuth and elevation directions. In this structure, the antenna beam can be placed in any point in the space by mechanical movement of twist reflector which it is the most important ability of the antenna. Due to the antenna structure, if the polarization of incident wave is linear, it is expected that the polarization of propagated wave is linear and in the direction of desired design. In this paper, for the first time, a nonlinear relation is extracted that it shows the propagated beam polarization has a polarization ROTATION. This formula is a mathematic closed form relation. These structures are very useful in airborne radar systems.

An investigation of the modern phenomena of condensed matter physics, called, MAGNETIZATION plateau and MAGNETIZATION jump, visible as anomalies in spin susceptibility at zero temperature, have been carried out theoretically in a zero-dimensional boron triangular Kagome lattice (0D-BTKL), namely quantum dots of BTKL, subjected to a staggering sublattice potential. By analyzing the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yoshida (RKKY) interaction, the magnetic ground state of the 0D-TKL in the presence of two magnetic adatoms, in the presence of a staggered sublattice potential is evaluated. The important salient feature of the 0D-BTKLs is the emergence of the RKKY plateaus versus the Fermi energy. The spatial configurations of the magnetic impurities dramatically change the quality and quantity of the RKKY plateaus. These RKKY plateaus have not been reported before, to the best of our knowledge. Our finite-size results successfully confirm that both the width and location of the RKKY plateaus are tunable using an external potential and Fermi energy. Another remarkable observation is the nontrivial behavior, namely the MAGNETIZATION jump, which accompanies the discontinuity in the spin susceptibility curves versus the staggering potential in our calculations. We believe that our results provide significant insights towards designing further experiments to search for the realization of the MAGNETIZATION plateau phases and MAGNETIZATION jumps in spintronics and pseudospin electronics devices based on BTKLs.

Introduction: Bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual energy x-ray absorbtiometry (DEXA) is widely used in management of patients with osteoporosis. Factors which are specific to machine or operator, can influence the accuracy and precision of BMD estimations. In this study we investigated the effect of leg ROTATION and femoral neck on densitometry of femur. Materials and Methods: In a before and after, interventional study on 200 women between 30-70 years old, without metabolic bone diseases, densitometry was done first in standard position and then in 15° ROTATION of leg from standard position and then after changing femoral neck ANGLE from 90° to 80° in relation to central femoral neck axis. Density of femoral neck, ward triANGLE, greater trochanter, shaft of femur and total hip was measured and data was analyzedby means comparison test. Results: External ROTATION of leg by 15° from the customary position, increased the average BMD in femoral neck, wards area, trochanter and shaft (p<0.001, p<0.04, p<0.001, p<0.008 respectively). While no significant change was observed in average BMD of total hip. Change of femoral neck area ANGLE from 90' to 80' in relation to central femoral axis decreased BMD in femoral neck (p<0.001), and significantly increased BMD in wards triANGLE, trochanter, shaft and total hip (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.04 respectively). Conclusion: MalROTATION of hip can be an important confounding factor when interpreting serial BMD values. Regarding the less effect of malpositioning on BMD of total hip, this area may be preferred for assessment of densitometry result.

Superparamagnetic nanoparticles with high saturation magnetism and small average size were synthesized by the economic co-precipitation method. FeCl2.4H2O and FeCl3.6H2O were used as salt agents and NaOH as precipitant. Different reaction conditions were investigated to improve the saturation MAGNETIZATION of synthesized magnetic nanoparticles by adjusting the reactants' concentration and the reaction's temperature. The magnetic and structural properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated by XRD and VSM, respectively. MAGNETIZATION curves were analyzed to calculate the size of the magnetic moment of nanoparticles and saturation MAGNETIZATION. For each sample, three mean magnetic sizes were estimated by employing the region of the curve in the small limit, high limit, and both small and high limits of applied magnetic fields. Their sizes were also estimated by using the Scherrer formula. The mean magnetic size estimated using the region of small applied fields was in agreement with that estimated by the Scherrer formula. Although both saturation MAGNETIZATION and the size of prepared nanoparticles were increased with reaction temperature, the saturation MAGNETIZATION of nanoparticles was enhanced from 56 to 85 emu/g. In contrast, their mean magnetic size changed only between 7 to 12 nm.

Modeling and simulation are crucial in designing and developing complex systems, such as cargo scanner systems. A cargo scanner is a device used to scan and inspect cargo transported by air, land, and sea. These scanners are usually used by customs and security centers to identify potential threats such as weapons, explosives, and contraband. One of the key benefits of using modeling and simulation is that it allows designers to test different scenarios and configurations without the need for physical prototypes. This can save time and money, as well as reduce the risk of costly mistakes. This study examines how the parameter ANGLE affects detector responses in truck cargo scanner systems using the MCNPX code. The ANGLE refers to the ANGLE at which the beam generated from the beam generator interacts with the detector's normal surface, an important factor in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of cargo scanning systems in imaging. Initially, the X-ray spectrum output was calculated from the accelerated 6 MV electrons due to tungsten target impact and validated against spectra from other studies. The results demonstrated good agreement between the output spectra. The changes in counts recorded in the vertical direction of the detector arrays showed that the count difference between the lowest pixel and highest pixel is approximately 33%, while the count changes from the closest pixel to the farthest pixel to the beam generator in the horizontal direction are about 60%. Subsequently, the ANGLE of each array was adjusted so that the emitted rays from the cone beam generator were perpendicular, and this case was compared to cases where the array ANGLE was 20 and 30 degrees. The results revealed that when exposed to perpendicular radiation, the signal recorded in detectors is greater than that of a rotated detector, and the count rate in the detector decreases as the ANGLE increases.

Interoduction: We consider the 1D spin-1/2 quantum compass model. At zero temperature, the behavior of the system is in the rule of quantum fluctuations. At this temperature, the model on the critical line is considered and a transverse magnetic field is applied. Using the numerical Lanczos method the ground state of the system and MAGNETIZATION for chains up to 20 spins is calculated. We have showed the depend on the exchange couplings the MAGNETIZATION remains zero up to a critical magnetic field. At high magnetic field the MAGNETIZATION saturate.Aim: Effects of transverse magnetic field in the quantum compass model has been investigated.Material and Method: In order to study the ground state properties of the system we have used Lanczos numerical method.Results: It has been shown that implementing transverse magnetic field causes to increase MAGNETIZATION slowly till a point which MAGNETIZATION reach its saturation value.Conclusion: With increasing transverse magnetic field in the quantum compass model, MAGNETIZATION will increase gradually up to a saturation value.

This study aimed to investigate the differences in pelvic incidence (PI) between three standing, maximal anterior and maximal posterior pelvic ROTATION. This cross-sectional study was done on 150 healthy subjects. Lateral spine radiography was taken in 3 different positions in the same standard radiographic protocol. Sacral slope (SS) pelvic tilt (PT), lumbar lordosis (LL) and lumbosacral junction ANGLE were measured by two independent, experienced spine surgeons. PI was calculated as sum SS and PT. The mean of PI in standing positions was 52. 6± 5. 1, in anterior position was 52. 6± 5. 5 and in posterior position was 52. 3± 5. 2 degree. The mean of PI, PT, and SS in total and between male and female subjects was not statistically significant in three different positions (P>0. 05). PI in 136 subjects (90. 7%) is changed when the position was changed from standing to the posterior position, by mean of 2. 06 degree. When the position was changed from standing to an anterior position, the change in PI degree was observed in 126 subjects (84%) by mean of 2. 12 degree. Despite the none, significant value of PI in three different positions, a large number of subjects with a change in their PI when the position was changed to anterior or posterior (90. 1%) position, show that PI can be varied by pelvic ROTATION in healthy adult subjects.